Sicilian
16-04-10, 10:27
Thought it would be a great idea to have commonly used telnet commands in one place. Please post any that are missing.
Telnet Commands Basic Navigation
cd
When typed by itself, cd (”change directory”), will take you back to your $HOME directory
cd /path/to/directory
To change to a specific directory, type cd followed by the path to the directory. If it is a subdirectory of the current directory, you can just type the directory name.
cd ..
Typing cd .. moves you up one directory from your current location.
pwd
To see which directory you are in, type pwd (”print (display) working directory”).
exit
Just as it sounds, use exit to log out. Alternatively, you can type logout.
Creating and Deleting Directories
mkdir directoryname
To create a new directory, type mkdir (”make directory”) and specify the new directory’s name.
rmdir directoryname
To delete an empty directory, type rmdir (”remove directory”) and the directory’s name.
Listing Files
ls
To display a list of files and subdirectories in your current directory, type ls (”list”)
ls -a
To see a more complete list which includes hidden files or files that begin with a “.” (dot), type ls -a.
ls -la
To list all files and directories in long format which will provide details about each file and directory, type ls -la.
ls -lS
To list all directories and files, sorted by size, in long format, type ls -lS.
ls -lta
To list all files and directories in long format by time modified, type ls -lta.
Copying Files
cp oldfilename newfilename
Will copy the contents of one file to another file, resulting in two copies of the same file on your account.
cp directory/* destinationdirectory
Will copy the contents of one directory to another directory. Make sure you have created the destination directory before trying to copy files to it - see mkdir above. Results in two copies of the files on your account; one copy in the existing directory and another in the destination directory.
Searching FIles and Directories
find -name ‘n*’
The find command can be used to locate files or a group of files. It can also be used to display directories. The example given will find all file and directory names within the current directory and subdirectories of it that begin with the letter n. (You can also explore using the locate command - type info locate and/or man locate for usage information.)
grep -inw text filename
Can be used to locate text in a specific file or directory of files (use * in place of filename to search all of the files in the current directory). The -i argument indicates the search is to disregard cASe, the -n instructs to show the corresponding line number, and -w tells it to match only based on the whole word. (This doesn’t even begin to touch on the power of grep and its many uses. In addition to its searching capability, the grep command can be used in combination with other commands to act as a filter. It also allows the use of “wildcards”. Two other variations of grep are also available, egrep and fgrep. To begin your quest for more information, type man grep and/or info grep.)
Displaying / Comparing File Content
wc filename
Counts and displays the number of lines, number of words, and number of characters of the given file.
cat filename
Displays the entire contents of a file.
nl filename
Shows the content of the file, including line numbers (nl=number lines).
more filename
Displays the contents of a file one screen at a time. Press the SPACEBAR to display the next screen of text.
cmp filename1 filename2
Compares the contents of the two named files and reports the first different character found and the line number.
diff filename1 filename2
Compares the contents of the two named files and reports all of the differences found. (Can also be used for comparing the contents of two directories.)
Moving, Renaming, and Deleting Files
mv oldfilename newfilename
Can be used to rename a file (mv fileA fileB), move a file (mv fileA /dirA/), or both (mv fileA /dirB/fileB).
rm -i filename
Removes (deletes) the specified file. (The -i is not necessary, but is recommended as it will prompt you to confirm the action first. When prompted, type y to confirm or type n if you changed your mind.)
Changing Permissions
chmod permissions filename
Changes the permissions on a filename or directory as specified. For example, chmod 755 startup.sh.
Archives and Compression
tar -cfv filename.tar directoryname
To archive a directory and all of its contents including subdirectories, navigate to where the directory is located and type the above command, replacing filename.tar with the name you wish to give the archive file and directoryname with the name of the directory you wish to archive. Alternatively, you can archive a select group of individual files (or directories) by specifying each file name in place of directoryname separated by spaces, like tar -cvf filename.tar fileA fileB fileC. Note: When creating a tar file (aka “tarball”) be sure to specify the name you wish to give the tar file! (TAR indicates Tape ARchive, as it was originally a tape archiving program. The -c means “create”, v means “verbose” (which basically says tell me what you’re doing), and the f indicates that a filename will follow (filename.tar)).
tar -tvf filename.tar
Typing this command will result in a list of the contents of the tar file. This is generally a good thing to do before unpacking the tar file to be sure there are no matching filenames which will result in files being unintentionally overwritten.
tar -xvf filename.tar
You can see the similarities to the command used to tar the file. This time, though, you use -x to “extract” instead of the -c used to create. You can also extract only certain select files (or directories) by specifying the individual names, separated by spaces, after the tar filename, such as tar -xvf filename.tar fileA fileC
gzip filename.tar
This utility, gzip (gnu zip), is used for compression. Normally, when you wish to compress a set of files, you willtar them first then compress them using this command. In doing so, the filename will automatically change from filename.tar to filename.tar.gz (appending .gz to the file extension).
gunzip filename.tar.gz
This command (g”unzip”) is used to uncompress a .tar.gz file, which will also result in the filename being changed back to filename.tar. Once it has been uncompressed, you can then untar it using the tar command above. (Alternatively, you can use gzip -d (for “decompress”) in place of gunzip.)
tar -czvf filename.tgz directoryname
This command, which uses a z switch (”zip”), allows you to take a bit of a shortcut instead of using the tar and gzip commands separately. The example will result in a compressed archive named filename.tgz.
tar -xzvf filename.tgz
This command is used to uncompress and extract the files from a .tgz archive.
ipkg install /directory name/filename.ipk
This command is used to install a .ipk file.
Use fdisk to create partition
(WARNING: Ensure you have taken backups of any data you want to keep from all devices, I do not assume responsibility for any data lost!!!):
You will first need to unmount the device you want to re-partition. To do this, use the command umount device, for example umount /dev/sda
Then, you can start to partition the device:
fdisk device. For example, fdisk /dev/sda
To get help in fdisk, enter the letter m, followed by enter press. The most common commands used are:
p - print the partition table
n - create a new partition
d - delete a partition
q - quit without saving changes
w - write the new partition table and exit
t - change a partition's system id
Changes you make to the partition table do not take effect until you issue the write w command.
First off, list all the partitions on the disk by press the p. This should give you the partitions on your disk, an example would be:
Disk /dev/sda: 32.0 GB, 32006733824 bytes
17 heads, 17 sectors/track, 216308 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 289 * 512 = 147968 bytes
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sda1 1 213474 30846984+ 83 Linux
/dev/sda2 213475 216308 409513 82 Linux swap
Delete all current partitions, by pressing d. This may ask you for the partition number (may not if you only have 1 partition. In the example above, I would choose 1 for sda1, and 2 for sda2. Delete all partitions.
Now, we can just press n to create the new partition(s). This will ask if you want an extended or primary. Choose primary by entering p. Now, enter 1 as the partition number. If you are just going to do the 1 partition, just press enter when it asks you for the first cylinder and last cylinder.
However, if you want a swap partition, or 2 partitions, then you will need to calculate the cylinder values you need for the sizes you want to set. In my example of the partitions above, I want a 400mb swap file. From the number of bytes, I can do 32006733824 (number of bytes) divided by 1024 which gives 31256576kb. I now need to divide it by 1024 again, to give me MB, which equals 30524MB. So, to have 1 partition as the main drive (of the majority of disk) and another as swap with 400MB, I will do 30524 minus 400, which gives me 30124. Now, to work out how many cylinders to use for the first partition (~30124MB), we need to work out the ratio. So, 30124/30524 gives us a ratio of 0.9869. So, for partition 1, we want 216308 * 0.9869 cylinders (which is 213474 (rounded). So, when I am asked for the first cylinder, I would enter 1 (as we want it to start at the beginning), and then when I'm asked for the last cylinder, I would enter 213474. Then, I would follow through, and choose the process again (n to create a new partition), choose primary (p), then enter 2 as your partition number. Now, when it asks the first cylinder, you can just press enter for the default value given (first free cylinder, which is 213475). You can also just press enter to accept the default value for the last cylinder. If you now choose p, this should give you the table, as shown above, except the sytem is Linux on both, instead of Linux Swap for the swap partition...
So now, we need to press t to change the system ID so the system recognizes it as a swap partition. You will be asked which partition to change the system id. In this case, it would be 2. You should now enter 82, as this is the code for a linux swap. You will now receive a message to say you've changed the partition type. Now, pressing p to print the partition table, will give you the same as the code above... Now, we just need to write it by press w.
You can now proceed to format the partitions for use in linux :)
Format a partition
(WARNING: Ensure you have taken backups of any data you want to keep from all devices, I do not assume responsibility for any data lost!!!):
Again, to format a partition, you must ensure your partition is not mounted. Issue the command umount device, for example umount /dev/sda1
Now, you can format the partition using the command:
mkfs.ext3 device (e.g. mkfs.ext3 /dev/sda1)
By default, five percent of the partition is reserved for use by the root user. This allows root to conduct administrative activities on the partition and perhaps move some data off. However, this is most critical when the partition contains / or home directories. For pure data partitions, this is just lost space. So, if you have a 1tb hdd, then 5% of this is ~50gb. A lot of wasted space. So, we can get the system to only use 1%, which is more negligable. To do this, we issue the command:
mkfs.ext3 -m 1 device (e.g. mkfs.ext3 -m 1 /dev/sda1
Telnet Commands Basic Navigation
cd
When typed by itself, cd (”change directory”), will take you back to your $HOME directory
cd /path/to/directory
To change to a specific directory, type cd followed by the path to the directory. If it is a subdirectory of the current directory, you can just type the directory name.
cd ..
Typing cd .. moves you up one directory from your current location.
pwd
To see which directory you are in, type pwd (”print (display) working directory”).
exit
Just as it sounds, use exit to log out. Alternatively, you can type logout.
Creating and Deleting Directories
mkdir directoryname
To create a new directory, type mkdir (”make directory”) and specify the new directory’s name.
rmdir directoryname
To delete an empty directory, type rmdir (”remove directory”) and the directory’s name.
Listing Files
ls
To display a list of files and subdirectories in your current directory, type ls (”list”)
ls -a
To see a more complete list which includes hidden files or files that begin with a “.” (dot), type ls -a.
ls -la
To list all files and directories in long format which will provide details about each file and directory, type ls -la.
ls -lS
To list all directories and files, sorted by size, in long format, type ls -lS.
ls -lta
To list all files and directories in long format by time modified, type ls -lta.
Copying Files
cp oldfilename newfilename
Will copy the contents of one file to another file, resulting in two copies of the same file on your account.
cp directory/* destinationdirectory
Will copy the contents of one directory to another directory. Make sure you have created the destination directory before trying to copy files to it - see mkdir above. Results in two copies of the files on your account; one copy in the existing directory and another in the destination directory.
Searching FIles and Directories
find -name ‘n*’
The find command can be used to locate files or a group of files. It can also be used to display directories. The example given will find all file and directory names within the current directory and subdirectories of it that begin with the letter n. (You can also explore using the locate command - type info locate and/or man locate for usage information.)
grep -inw text filename
Can be used to locate text in a specific file or directory of files (use * in place of filename to search all of the files in the current directory). The -i argument indicates the search is to disregard cASe, the -n instructs to show the corresponding line number, and -w tells it to match only based on the whole word. (This doesn’t even begin to touch on the power of grep and its many uses. In addition to its searching capability, the grep command can be used in combination with other commands to act as a filter. It also allows the use of “wildcards”. Two other variations of grep are also available, egrep and fgrep. To begin your quest for more information, type man grep and/or info grep.)
Displaying / Comparing File Content
wc filename
Counts and displays the number of lines, number of words, and number of characters of the given file.
cat filename
Displays the entire contents of a file.
nl filename
Shows the content of the file, including line numbers (nl=number lines).
more filename
Displays the contents of a file one screen at a time. Press the SPACEBAR to display the next screen of text.
cmp filename1 filename2
Compares the contents of the two named files and reports the first different character found and the line number.
diff filename1 filename2
Compares the contents of the two named files and reports all of the differences found. (Can also be used for comparing the contents of two directories.)
Moving, Renaming, and Deleting Files
mv oldfilename newfilename
Can be used to rename a file (mv fileA fileB), move a file (mv fileA /dirA/), or both (mv fileA /dirB/fileB).
rm -i filename
Removes (deletes) the specified file. (The -i is not necessary, but is recommended as it will prompt you to confirm the action first. When prompted, type y to confirm or type n if you changed your mind.)
Changing Permissions
chmod permissions filename
Changes the permissions on a filename or directory as specified. For example, chmod 755 startup.sh.
Archives and Compression
tar -cfv filename.tar directoryname
To archive a directory and all of its contents including subdirectories, navigate to where the directory is located and type the above command, replacing filename.tar with the name you wish to give the archive file and directoryname with the name of the directory you wish to archive. Alternatively, you can archive a select group of individual files (or directories) by specifying each file name in place of directoryname separated by spaces, like tar -cvf filename.tar fileA fileB fileC. Note: When creating a tar file (aka “tarball”) be sure to specify the name you wish to give the tar file! (TAR indicates Tape ARchive, as it was originally a tape archiving program. The -c means “create”, v means “verbose” (which basically says tell me what you’re doing), and the f indicates that a filename will follow (filename.tar)).
tar -tvf filename.tar
Typing this command will result in a list of the contents of the tar file. This is generally a good thing to do before unpacking the tar file to be sure there are no matching filenames which will result in files being unintentionally overwritten.
tar -xvf filename.tar
You can see the similarities to the command used to tar the file. This time, though, you use -x to “extract” instead of the -c used to create. You can also extract only certain select files (or directories) by specifying the individual names, separated by spaces, after the tar filename, such as tar -xvf filename.tar fileA fileC
gzip filename.tar
This utility, gzip (gnu zip), is used for compression. Normally, when you wish to compress a set of files, you willtar them first then compress them using this command. In doing so, the filename will automatically change from filename.tar to filename.tar.gz (appending .gz to the file extension).
gunzip filename.tar.gz
This command (g”unzip”) is used to uncompress a .tar.gz file, which will also result in the filename being changed back to filename.tar. Once it has been uncompressed, you can then untar it using the tar command above. (Alternatively, you can use gzip -d (for “decompress”) in place of gunzip.)
tar -czvf filename.tgz directoryname
This command, which uses a z switch (”zip”), allows you to take a bit of a shortcut instead of using the tar and gzip commands separately. The example will result in a compressed archive named filename.tgz.
tar -xzvf filename.tgz
This command is used to uncompress and extract the files from a .tgz archive.
ipkg install /directory name/filename.ipk
This command is used to install a .ipk file.
Use fdisk to create partition
(WARNING: Ensure you have taken backups of any data you want to keep from all devices, I do not assume responsibility for any data lost!!!):
You will first need to unmount the device you want to re-partition. To do this, use the command umount device, for example umount /dev/sda
Then, you can start to partition the device:
fdisk device. For example, fdisk /dev/sda
To get help in fdisk, enter the letter m, followed by enter press. The most common commands used are:
p - print the partition table
n - create a new partition
d - delete a partition
q - quit without saving changes
w - write the new partition table and exit
t - change a partition's system id
Changes you make to the partition table do not take effect until you issue the write w command.
First off, list all the partitions on the disk by press the p. This should give you the partitions on your disk, an example would be:
Disk /dev/sda: 32.0 GB, 32006733824 bytes
17 heads, 17 sectors/track, 216308 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 289 * 512 = 147968 bytes
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sda1 1 213474 30846984+ 83 Linux
/dev/sda2 213475 216308 409513 82 Linux swap
Delete all current partitions, by pressing d. This may ask you for the partition number (may not if you only have 1 partition. In the example above, I would choose 1 for sda1, and 2 for sda2. Delete all partitions.
Now, we can just press n to create the new partition(s). This will ask if you want an extended or primary. Choose primary by entering p. Now, enter 1 as the partition number. If you are just going to do the 1 partition, just press enter when it asks you for the first cylinder and last cylinder.
However, if you want a swap partition, or 2 partitions, then you will need to calculate the cylinder values you need for the sizes you want to set. In my example of the partitions above, I want a 400mb swap file. From the number of bytes, I can do 32006733824 (number of bytes) divided by 1024 which gives 31256576kb. I now need to divide it by 1024 again, to give me MB, which equals 30524MB. So, to have 1 partition as the main drive (of the majority of disk) and another as swap with 400MB, I will do 30524 minus 400, which gives me 30124. Now, to work out how many cylinders to use for the first partition (~30124MB), we need to work out the ratio. So, 30124/30524 gives us a ratio of 0.9869. So, for partition 1, we want 216308 * 0.9869 cylinders (which is 213474 (rounded). So, when I am asked for the first cylinder, I would enter 1 (as we want it to start at the beginning), and then when I'm asked for the last cylinder, I would enter 213474. Then, I would follow through, and choose the process again (n to create a new partition), choose primary (p), then enter 2 as your partition number. Now, when it asks the first cylinder, you can just press enter for the default value given (first free cylinder, which is 213475). You can also just press enter to accept the default value for the last cylinder. If you now choose p, this should give you the table, as shown above, except the sytem is Linux on both, instead of Linux Swap for the swap partition...
So now, we need to press t to change the system ID so the system recognizes it as a swap partition. You will be asked which partition to change the system id. In this case, it would be 2. You should now enter 82, as this is the code for a linux swap. You will now receive a message to say you've changed the partition type. Now, pressing p to print the partition table, will give you the same as the code above... Now, we just need to write it by press w.
You can now proceed to format the partitions for use in linux :)
Format a partition
(WARNING: Ensure you have taken backups of any data you want to keep from all devices, I do not assume responsibility for any data lost!!!):
Again, to format a partition, you must ensure your partition is not mounted. Issue the command umount device, for example umount /dev/sda1
Now, you can format the partition using the command:
mkfs.ext3 device (e.g. mkfs.ext3 /dev/sda1)
By default, five percent of the partition is reserved for use by the root user. This allows root to conduct administrative activities on the partition and perhaps move some data off. However, this is most critical when the partition contains / or home directories. For pure data partitions, this is just lost space. So, if you have a 1tb hdd, then 5% of this is ~50gb. A lot of wasted space. So, we can get the system to only use 1%, which is more negligable. To do this, we issue the command:
mkfs.ext3 -m 1 device (e.g. mkfs.ext3 -m 1 /dev/sda1